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## Section10.1Riemann integral over rectangles

Note: 2–3 lectures

As in Chapter 5, we define the Riemann integral using the Darboux upper and lower integrals. The ideas in this section are very similar to integration in one dimension. The complication is mostly notational. The differences between one and several dimensions will grow more pronounced in the sections following.

### Subsection10.1.1Rectangles and partitions

#### Definition10.1.1.

Let $$(a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n)$$ and $$(b_1,b_2,\ldots,b_n)$$ be such that $$a_k \leq b_k$$ for all $$k\text{.}$$ A set of the form $$[a_1,b_1] \times [a_2,b_2] \times \cdots \times [a_n,b_n]$$ is called a closed rectangle. In this setting it is sometimes useful to allow $$a_k = b_k\text{,}$$ in which case we think of $$[a_k,b_k] = \{ a_k \}$$ as usual. If $$a_k < b_k$$ for all $$k\text{,}$$ then a set of the form $$(a_1,b_1) \times (a_2,b_2) \times \cdots \times (a_n,b_n)$$ is called an open rectangle.

For an open or closed rectangle $$R := [a_1,b_1] \times [a_2,b_2] \times \cdots \times [a_n,b_n] \subset \R^n$$ or $$R := (a_1,b_1) \times (a_2,b_2) \times \cdots \times (a_n,b_n) \subset \R^n\text{,}$$ we define the $$n$$-dimensional volume by

\begin{equation*} V(R) := (b_1-a_1) (b_2-a_2) \cdots (b_n-a_n) . \end{equation*}

A partition $$P$$ of the closed rectangle $$R = [a_1,b_1] \times [a_2,b_2] \times \cdots \times [a_n,b_n]$$ is given by partitions $$P_1,P_2,\ldots,P_n$$ of the intervals $$[a_1,b_1], [a_2,b_2],\ldots, [a_n,b_n]\text{.}$$ We write $$P=(P_1,P_2,\ldots,P_n)\text{.}$$ That is, for every $$k=1,2,\ldots,n$$ there is an integer $$\ell_k$$ and a finite set of numbers $$P_k = \{ x_{k,0},x_{k,1},x_{k,2},\ldots,x_{k,\ell_k} \}$$ such that

\begin{equation*} a_k = x_{k,0} < x_{k,1} < x_{k,2} < \cdots < x_{k,{\ell_k}-1} < x_{k,\ell_k} = b_k . \end{equation*}

Picking a set of $$n$$ integers $$j_1,j_2,\ldots,j_n$$ where $$j_k \in \{ 1,2,\ldots,\ell_k \}$$ we get the subrectangle

\begin{equation*} [x_{1,j_1-1}~,~ x_{1,j_1}] \times [x_{2,j_2-1}~,~ x_{2,j_2}] \times \cdots \times [x_{n,j_n-1}~,~ x_{n,j_n}] . \end{equation*}

We order the subrectangles somehow and we say $$\{R_1,R_2,\ldots,R_N\}$$ are the subrectangles corresponding to the partition $$P$$ of $$R\text{,}$$ or more simply, subrectangles of $$P\text{.}$$ In other words, we subdivided the original rectangle into many smaller subrectangles. See Figure 10.1.

Let $$R \subset \R^n$$ be a closed rectangle and let $$f \colon R \to \R$$ be a bounded function. Let $$P$$ be a partition of $$R$$ with $$N$$ subrectangles $$R_1,R_2,\ldots,R_N\text{.}$$ Define

\begin{equation*} \begin{aligned} & m_i := \inf \bigl\{ f(x) : x \in R_i \bigr\} , & & M_i := \sup \bigl\{ f(x) : x \in R_i \bigr\} , \\ & L(P,f) := \sum_{i=1}^N m_i V(R_i) , & & U(P,f) := \sum_{i=1}^N M_i V(R_i) . \end{aligned} \end{equation*}

We call $$L(P,f)$$ the lower Darboux sum and $$U(P,f)$$ the upper Darboux sum.

To see the relationship to the $$\Delta$$ notation from the one-variable definition, note that when

\begin{equation*} R_i = [x_{1,j_1-1}~,~ x_{1,j_1}] \times [x_{2,j_2-1}~,~ x_{2,j_2}] \times \cdots \times [x_{n,j_n-1}~,~ x_{n,j_n}] , \end{equation*}

then

\begin{equation*} V(R_i) = (x_{1,j_1}-x_{1,j_1-1}) (x_{2,j_2}-x_{2,j_2-1}) \cdots (x_{n,j_n}-x_{n,j_n-1}) = \Delta x_{1,j_1} \Delta x_{2,j_2} \cdots \Delta x_{n,j_n} . \end{equation*}

It is not difficult to see that the subrectangles of $$P$$ cover our original $$R\text{,}$$ and their volumes sum to that of $$R\text{.}$$ That is,

\begin{equation*} R= \bigcup_{k=1}^N R_k , \qquad \text{and} \qquad V(R) = \sum_{k=1}^N V(R_k). \end{equation*}

The indexing in the definition may be complicated, but fortunately we do not need to go back directly to the definition often. We start by proving facts about the Darboux sums analogous to the one-variable results.

#### Proof.

Let $$P$$ be a partition of $$R\text{.}$$ For all $$i\text{,}$$ we have $$m \leq m_i \leq M_i \leq M\text{.}$$ Also $$\sum_{i=1}^N V(R_i) = V(R)\text{.}$$ Therefore,

\begin{multline*} m \, V(R) = m \left( \sum_{i=1}^N V(R_i) \right) = \sum_{i=1}^N m \, V(R_i) \leq \sum_{i=1}^N m_i \, V(R_i) \leq \\ \leq \sum_{i=1}^N M_i \, V(R_i) \leq \sum_{i=1}^N M \,V(R_i) = M \left( \sum_{i=1}^N V(R_i) \right) = M \,V(R) . \qedhere \end{multline*}

### Subsection10.1.2Upper and lower integrals

By Proposition 10.1.2, the set of upper and lower Darboux sums are bounded sets and we can take their infima and suprema. As in one variable, we make the following definition.

#### Definition10.1.3.

Let $$f \colon R \to \R$$ be a bounded function on a closed rectangle $$R \subset \R^n\text{.}$$ Define

\begin{equation*} \underline{\int_R} f := \sup \, \bigl\{ L(P,f) : P \text{ a partition of } R \bigr\} , \qquad \overline{\int_R} f := \inf \, \bigl\{ U(P,f) : P \text{ a partition of } R \bigr\} . \end{equation*}

We call $$\underline{\int}$$ the lower Darboux integral and $$\overline{\int}$$ the upper Darboux integral.

And as in one dimension, we define refinements of partitions.

#### Definition10.1.4.

Let $$R \subset \R^n$$ be a closed rectangle. Let $$P = ( P_1, P_2, \ldots, P_n )$$ and $$\widetilde{P} = ( \widetilde{P}_1, \widetilde{P}_2, \ldots, \widetilde{P}_n )$$ be partitions of $$R\text{.}$$ We say $$\widetilde{P}$$ a refinement of $$P$$ if, as sets, $$P_k \subset \widetilde{P}_k$$ for all $$k = 1,2,\ldots,n\text{.}$$

If $$\widetilde{P}$$ is a refinement of $$P\text{,}$$ then subrectangles of $$P$$ are unions of subrectangles of $$\widetilde{P}\text{.}$$ Simply put, in a refinement, we take the subrectangles of $$P\text{,}$$ and we cut them into smaller subrectangles and call that $$\widetilde{P}\text{.}$$ See Figure 10.2.

#### Proof.

We prove the first inequality, and the second follows similarly. Let $$R_1,R_2,\ldots,R_N$$ be the subrectangles of $$P$$ and $$\widetilde{R}_1,\widetilde{R}_2,\ldots,\widetilde{R}_{\widetilde{N}}$$ be the subrectangles of $$\widetilde{R}\text{.}$$ Let $$I_k$$ be the set of all indices $$j$$ such that $$\widetilde{R}_j \subset R_k\text{.}$$ For example, in figures 10.1 and 10.2, $$I_4 = \{ 6, 7, 8, 9 \}$$ as $$R_4 = \widetilde{R}_6 \cup \widetilde{R}_7 \cup \widetilde{R}_8 \cup \widetilde{R}_9\text{.}$$ Then,

\begin{equation*} R_k = \bigcup_{j \in I_k} \widetilde{R}_j, \qquad V(R_k) = \sum_{j \in I_k} V(\widetilde{R}_j). \end{equation*}

Let $$m_j := \inf \{ f(x) : x \in R_j \}\text{,}$$ and $$\widetilde{m}_j := \inf \{ f(x) : \in \widetilde{R}_j \}$$ as usual. If $$j \in I_k\text{,}$$ then $$m_k \leq \widetilde{m}_j\text{.}$$ Then

\begin{equation*} L(P,f) = \sum_{k=1}^N m_k V(R_k) = \sum_{k=1}^N \sum_{j\in I_k} m_k V(\widetilde{R}_j) \leq \sum_{k=1}^N \sum_{j\in I_k} \widetilde{m}_j V(\widetilde{R}_j) = \sum_{j=1}^{\widetilde{N}} \widetilde{m}_j V(\widetilde{R}_j) = L(\widetilde{P},f) . \qedhere \end{equation*}

The key point of this next proposition is that the lower Darboux integral is less than or equal to the upper Darboux integral.

#### Proof.

For every partition $$P\text{,}$$ via Proposition 10.1.2,

\begin{equation*} m\,V(R) \leq L(P,f) \leq U(P,f) \leq M\,V(R). \end{equation*}

Taking supremum of $$L(P,f)$$ and infimum of $$U(P,f)$$ over all partitions $$P\text{,}$$ we obtain the first and the last inequality in (10.1).

The key inequality in (10.1) is the middle one. Let $$P=(P_1,P_2,\ldots,P_n)$$ and $$Q=(Q_1,Q_2,\ldots,Q_n)$$ be partitions of $$R\text{.}$$ Define $$\widetilde{P} = ( \widetilde{P}_1,\widetilde{P}_2,\ldots,\widetilde{P}_n )$$ by letting $$\widetilde{P}_k := P_k \cup Q_k\text{.}$$ Then $$\widetilde{P}$$ is a partition of $$R$$ as can easily be checked, and $$\widetilde{P}$$ is a refinement of $$P$$ and a refinement of $$Q\text{.}$$ By Proposition 10.1.5, $$L(P,f) \leq L(\widetilde{P},f)$$ and $$U(\widetilde{P},f) \leq U(Q,f)\text{.}$$ Therefore,

\begin{equation*} L(P,f) \leq L(\widetilde{P},f) \leq U(\widetilde{P},f) \leq U(Q,f) . \end{equation*}

In other words, for two arbitrary partitions $$P$$ and $$Q\text{,}$$ we have $$L(P,f) \leq U(Q,f)\text{.}$$ Via Proposition 1.2.7, we obtain

\begin{equation*} \sup \, \bigl\{ L(P,f) : P \text{ a partition of } R \bigl\} \leq \inf \, \bigl\{ U(P,f) : P \text{ a partition of } R \bigl\} . \end{equation*}

In other words, $$\underline{\int_R} f \leq \overline{\int_R} f\text{.}$$

### Subsection10.1.3The Riemann integral

We have all we need to define the Riemann integral in $$n$$-dimensions over rectangles. As in one dimension, the Riemann integral is only defined on a certain class of functions, called the Riemann integrable functions.

#### Definition10.1.7.

Let $$R \subset \R^n$$ be a closed rectangle and $$f \colon R \to \R$$ a bounded function such that

\begin{equation*} \underline{\int_R} f(x)\,dx = \overline{\int_R} f(x)\,dx . \end{equation*}

Then $$f$$ is said to be Riemann integrable, and we sometimes say simply integrable. The set of Riemann integrable functions on $$R$$ is denoted by $$\sR(R)\text{.}$$ For $$f \in \sR(R)$$ define the Riemann integral

\begin{equation*} \int_R f := \underline{\int_R} f = \overline{\int_R} f . \end{equation*}

When the variable $$x \in \R^n$$ needs to be emphasized, we write

\begin{equation*} \int_R f(x)\,dx, \qquad \int_R f(x_1,\ldots,x_n)\,dx_1 \cdots dx_n, \qquad \text{or} \qquad \int_R f(x)\,dV . \end{equation*}

If $$R \subset \R^2\text{,}$$ then we often say area instead of volume, and we write

\begin{equation*} \int_R f(x)\,dA . \end{equation*}

Proposition 10.1.6 immediately implies the following proposition.

#### Example10.1.9.

A constant function is Riemann integrable. Suppose $$f(x) = c$$ for all $$x$$ on $$R\text{.}$$ Then

\begin{equation*} c \, V(R) \leq \underline{\int_R} f \leq \overline{\int_R} f \leq c\, V(R) . \end{equation*}

So $$f$$ is integrable, and furthermore $$\int_R f = c\,V(R)\text{.}$$

The proofs of linearity and monotonicity are almost completely identical as the proofs from one variable. We therefore leave it as an exercise to prove the next two propositions.

Checking for integrability using the definition often involves the following technique, as in the single variable case.

#### Proof.

First, if $$f$$ is integrable, then the supremum of $$L(P,f)$$ and infimum of $$U(P,f)$$ are equal and hence the infimum of $$U(P,f)-L(P,f)$$ is zero. Therefore, for every $$\epsilon > 0$$ there must be some partition $$P$$ such that $$U(P,f) - L(P,f) < \epsilon\text{.}$$

For the other direction, given an $$\epsilon > 0$$ find $$P$$ such that $$U(P,f) - L(P,f) < \epsilon\text{.}$$

\begin{equation*} \overline{\int_R} f - \underline{\int_R} f \leq U(P,f) - L(P,f) < \epsilon . \end{equation*}

As $$\overline{\int_R} f \geq \underline{\int_R} f$$ and the above holds for every $$\epsilon > 0\text{,}$$ we conclude $$\overline{\int_R} f = \underline{\int_R} f$$ and $$f \in \sR(R)\text{.}$$

Suppose $$f \colon S \to \R$$ is a function and $$R \subset S$$ is a closed rectangle. If the restriction $$f|_R$$ is integrable, then for simplicity we say $$f$$ is integrable on $$R$$, or $$f \in \sR(R)$$ and we write

\begin{equation*} \int_R f := \int_R f|_R . \end{equation*}

#### Proof.

Given $$\epsilon > 0\text{,}$$ we find a partition $$P$$ of $$S$$ such that $$U(P,f)-L(P,f) < \epsilon\text{.}$$ By making a refinement of $$P$$ if necessary, we assume that the endpoints of $$R$$ are in $$P\text{.}$$ In other words, $$R$$ is a union of subrectangles of $$P\text{.}$$ The subrectangles of $$P$$ divide into two collections, ones that are subsets of $$R$$ and ones whose intersection with the interior of $$R$$ is empty. Suppose $$R_1,R_2\ldots,R_K$$ are the subrectangles that are subsets of $$R$$ and let $$R_{K+1},\ldots, R_N$$ be the rest. Let $$\widetilde{P}$$ be the partition of $$R$$ composed of those subrectangles of $$P$$ contained in $$R\text{.}$$ Using the same notation as before,

\begin{equation*} \begin{split} \epsilon & > U(P,f)-L(P,f) = \sum_{k=1}^K (M_k-m_k) V(R_k) + \sum_{k=K+1}^N (M_k-m_k) V(R_k) \\ & \geq \sum_{k=1}^K (M_k-m_k) V(R_k) = U(\widetilde{P},f|_R)-L(\widetilde{P},f|_R) . \end{split} \end{equation*}

Therefore, $$f|_R$$ is integrable.

### Subsection10.1.4Integrals of continuous functions

Although we will prove a more general result later, it is useful to start with integrability of continuous functions. First we wish to measure the fineness of partitions. In one variable, we measured the length of a subinterval, in several variables, we similarly measure the sides of a subrectangle. We say a rectangle $$R = [a_1,b_1] \times [a_2,b_2] \times \cdots \times [a_n,b_n]$$ has longest side at most $$\alpha$$ if $$b_k-a_k \leq \alpha$$ for all $$k=1,2,\ldots,n\text{.}$$

#### Proof.

\begin{equation*} \begin{split} \snorm{x-y} & = \sqrt{ {(x_1-y_1)}^2 + {(x_2-y_2)}^2 + \cdots + {(x_n-y_n)}^2 } \\ & \leq \sqrt{ {(b_1-a_1)}^2 + {(b_2-a_2)}^2 + \cdots + {(b_n-a_n)}^2 } \\ & \leq \sqrt{ {\alpha}^2 + {\alpha}^2 + \cdots + {\alpha}^2 } = \sqrt{n} \, \alpha . \qedhere \end{split} \end{equation*}

#### Proof.

The proof is analogous to the one-variable proof with some complications. The set $$R$$ is a closed and bounded subset of $$\R^n\text{,}$$ and hence compact. So $$f$$ is not just continuous, but in fact uniformly continuous by Theorem 7.5.11. Let $$\epsilon > 0$$ be given. Find a $$\delta > 0$$ such that $$\snorm{x-y} < \delta$$ implies $$\sabs{f(x)-f(y)} < \frac{\epsilon}{V(R)}\text{.}$$

Let $$P$$ be a partition of $$R\text{,}$$ such that longest side of every subrectangle is strictly less than $$\frac{\delta}{\sqrt{n}}\text{.}$$ If $$x, y \in R_k$$ for some subrectangle $$R_k$$ of $$P\text{,}$$ then, by the proposition above, $$\snorm{x-y} < \sqrt{n} \frac{\delta}{\sqrt{n}} = \delta\text{.}$$ Therefore,

\begin{equation*} f(x)-f(y) \leq \sabs{f(x)-f(y)} < \frac{\epsilon}{V(R)} . \end{equation*}

As $$f$$ is continuous on $$R_k\text{,}$$ which is compact, $$f$$ attains a maximum and a minimum on this subrectangle. Let $$x$$ be a point where $$f$$ attains the maximum and $$y$$ be a point where $$f$$ attains the minimum. Then $$f(x) = M_k$$ and $$f(y) = m_k$$ in the notation from the definition of the integral. Therefore,

\begin{equation*} M_k-m_k = f(x)-f(y) < \frac{\epsilon}{V(R)} . \end{equation*}

And so

\begin{equation*} \begin{split} U(P,f) - L(P,f) & = \left( \sum_{k=1}^N M_k V(R_k) \right) - \left( \sum_{k=1}^N m_k V(R_k) \right) \\ & = \sum_{k=1}^N (M_k-m_k) V(R_k) \\ & < \frac{\epsilon}{V(R)} \sum_{k=1}^N V(R_k) = \epsilon. \end{split} \end{equation*}

Via application of Proposition 10.1.12, we find that $$f \in \sR(R)\text{.}$$

### Subsection10.1.5Integration of functions with compact support

Let $$U \subset \R^n$$ be an open set and $$f \colon U \to \R$$ be a function. The support of $$f$$ is the set

\begin{equation*} \operatorname{supp} (f) := \overline{ \{ x \in U : f(x) \not= 0 \} } , \end{equation*}

where the closure is with respect to the subspace topology on $$U\text{.}$$ Taking the closure with respect to the subspace topology is the same as $$\overline{ \{ x \in U : f(x) \not= 0 \} } \cap U\text{,}$$ where the closure is with respect to the ambient euclidean space $$\R^n\text{.}$$ In particular, $$\operatorname{supp} (f) \subset U\text{.}$$ The support is the closure (in $$U$$) of the set of points where the function is nonzero. Its complement in $$U$$ is open. If $$x \in U$$ and $$x$$ is not in the support of $$f\text{,}$$ then $$f$$ is constantly zero in a whole neighborhood of $$x\text{.}$$

A function $$f$$ is said to have compact support if $$\supp(f)$$ is a compact set.

#### Example10.1.16.

The function $$f \colon \R^2 \to \R$$ defined by

\begin{equation*} f(x,y) := \begin{cases} -x{(x^2+y^2-1)}^2 & \text{if } \sqrt{x^2+y^2} \leq 1, \\ 0 & \text{else}, \end{cases} \end{equation*}

is continuous and its support is the closed unit disc $$C(0,1) = \bigl\{ (x,y) : \sqrt{x^2 + y^2} \leq 1 \bigr\}\text{,}$$ which is a compact set, so $$f$$ has compact support. Do note that the function is zero on the entire $$y$$-axis and on the unit circle, but all points that lie in the closed unit disc are still within the support as they are in the closure of points where $$f$$ is nonzero. See Figure 10.3.

If $$U \not= \R^n\text{,}$$ then you must be careful to take the closure in $$U\text{.}$$ Consider the following two examples.

#### Example10.1.17.

Let $$B(0,1) \subset \R^2$$ be the unit disc. The function $$f \colon B(0,1) \to \R$$ defined by

\begin{equation*} f(x,y) := \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if } \sqrt{x^2+y^2} > \nicefrac{1}{2}, \\ \nicefrac{1}{2} - \sqrt{x^2+y^2} & \text{if } \sqrt{x^2+y^2} \leq \nicefrac{1}{2}, \end{cases} \end{equation*}

is continuous on $$B(0,1)$$ and its support is the smaller closed ball $$C(0,\nicefrac{1}{2})\text{.}$$ As that is a compact set, $$f$$ has compact support.

The function $$g \colon B(0,1) \to \R$$ defined by

\begin{equation*} g(x,y) := \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if } x \leq 0, \\ x & \text{if } x > 0, \end{cases} \end{equation*}

is continuous on $$B(0,1)\text{,}$$ but its support is the set $$\bigl\{ (x,y) \in B(0,1) : x \geq 0 \bigr\}\text{.}$$ In particular, $$g$$ is not compactly supported.

We really only need to consider the case when $$U=\R^n\text{.}$$ In light of Exercise 10.1.1, which says every continuous function on an open $$U \subset \R^n$$ with compact support can be extended to a continuous function with compact support on $$\R^n\text{,}$$ considering $$U=\R^n$$ is not an oversimplification.

#### Example10.1.18.

The continuous function $$f \colon B(0,1) \to \R$$ defined by $$f(x,y) := \sin\bigl(\frac{1}{1-x^2-y^2}\bigr)\text{,}$$ does not have compact support; as $$f$$ is not constantly zero on any neighborhood of every point in $$B(0,1)\text{,}$$ the support is the entire disc $$B(0,1)\text{.}$$ The function does not extend as above to a continuous function on $$\R^2\text{.}$$ In fact, it is not difficult to show that $$f$$ cannot be extended in any way whatsoever to be continuous on all of $$\R^2$$ (the boundary of the disc is the problem).

#### Proof.

As $$f$$ is continuous, it is automatically integrable on the rectangles $$R\text{,}$$ $$S\text{,}$$ and $$R \cap S\text{.}$$ Then Exercise 10.1.7 says $$\int_S f = \int_{S \cap R} f = \int_R f\text{.}$$

Because of this proposition, when $$f \colon \R^n \to \R$$ has compact support and is integrable on a rectangle $$R$$ containing the support we write

\begin{equation*} \int f := \int_R f \qquad \text{or} \qquad \int_{\R^n} f := \int_R f . \end{equation*}

For example, if $$f$$ is continuous and of compact support, then $$\int_{\R^n} f$$ exists.

### Subsection10.1.6Exercises

#### Exercise10.1.1.

Suppose $$U \subset \R^n$$ is open and $$f \colon U \to \R$$ is continuous and of compact support. Show that the function $$\widetilde{f} \colon \R^n \to \R$$

\begin{equation*} \widetilde{f}(x) := \begin{cases} f(x) & \text{if } x \in U, \\ 0 & \text{otherwise,} \end{cases} \end{equation*}

is continuous.

#### Exercise10.1.3.

Suppose $$R$$ is a rectangle with the length of one of the sides equal to 0. For every bounded function $$f\text{,}$$ show that $$f \in \sR(R)$$ and $$\int_R f = 0\text{.}$$

#### Exercise10.1.4.

Suppose $$R$$ is a rectangle with the length of one of the sides equal to 0, and suppose $$S$$ is a rectangle with $$R \subset S\text{.}$$ If $$f$$ is a bounded function such that $$f(x) = 0$$ for $$x \in R \setminus S\text{,}$$ show that $$f \in \sR(R)$$ and $$\int_R f = 0\text{.}$$

#### Exercise10.1.5.

Suppose $$f\colon \R^n \to \R$$ is such that $$f(x) := 0$$ if $$x\not= 0$$ and $$f(0) := 1\text{.}$$ Show that $$f$$ is integrable on $$R := [-1,1] \times [-1,1] \times \cdots \times [-1,1]$$ directly using the definition, and find $$\int_R f\text{.}$$

#### Exercise10.1.6.

Suppose $$R$$ is a closed rectangle and $$h \colon R \to \R$$ is a bounded function such that $$h(x) = 0$$ if $$x \notin \partial R$$ (the boundary of $$R$$). Let $$S$$ be a closed rectangle. Show that $$h \in \sR(S)$$ and

\begin{equation*} \int_{S} h = 0 . \end{equation*}

Hint: Write $$h$$ as a sum of functions as in Exercise 10.1.4.

#### Exercise10.1.7.

Suppose $$R$$ and $$R'$$ are two closed rectangles with $$R' \subset R\text{.}$$ Suppose $$f \colon R \to \R$$ is in $$\sR(R')$$ and $$f(x) = 0$$ for $$x \in R \setminus R'\text{.}$$ Show that $$f \in \sR(R)$$ and

\begin{equation*} \int_{R'} f = \int_R f . \end{equation*}

Do this in the following steps.

1. First do the proof assuming that furthermore $$f(x) = 0$$ whenever $$x \in \overline{R \setminus R'}\text{.}$$

2. Write $$f(x) = g(x) + h(x)$$ where $$g(x) = 0$$ whenever $$x \in \overline{R \setminus R'}\text{,}$$ and $$h(x)$$ is zero except perhaps on $$\partial R'\text{.}$$ Then show $$\int_R h = \int_{R'} h = 0$$ (see Exercise 10.1.6).

3. Show $$\int_{R'} f = \int_R f\text{.}$$

#### Exercise10.1.8.

Suppose $$R' \subset \R^n$$ and $$R'' \subset \R^n$$ are two rectangles such that $$R = R' \cup R''$$ is a rectangle, and $$R' \cap R''$$ is rectangle with one of the sides having length 0 (that is $$V(R' \cap R'') = 0$$). Let $$f \colon R \to \R$$ be a function such that $$f \in \sR(R')$$ and $$f \in \sR(R'')\text{.}$$ Show that $$f \in \sR(R)$$ and

\begin{equation*} \int_{R} f = \int_{R'} f + \int_{R''} f . \end{equation*}

Hint: See previous exercise.

#### Exercise10.1.9.

Prove a stronger version of Proposition 10.1.19. Suppose $$f \colon \R^n \to \R$$ is a function with compact support but not necessarily continuous. Prove that if $$R$$ is a closed rectangle such that $$\operatorname{supp}(f) \subset R$$ and $$f$$ is integrable on $$R\text{,}$$ then for every other closed rectangle $$S$$ with $$\operatorname{supp}(f) \subset S\text{,}$$ the function $$f$$ is integrable on $$S$$ and $$\int_S f = \int_R f\text{.}$$ Hint: See Exercise 10.1.7.

#### Exercise10.1.10.

Suppose $$R$$ and $$S$$ are closed rectangles of $$\R^n\text{.}$$ Define $$f \colon \R^n \to \R$$ as $$f(x) := 1$$ if $$x \in R\text{,}$$ and $$f(x) := 0$$ otherwise. Prove $$f$$ is integrable on $$S$$ and compute $$\int_S f\text{.}$$ Hint: Consider $$S \cap R\text{.}$$

#### Exercise10.1.11.

Let $$R := [0,1] \times [0,1] \subset \R^2\text{.}$$

1. Suppose $$f \colon R \to \R$$ is defined by

\begin{equation*} f(x,y) := \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } x = y, \\ 0 & \text{else.} \end{cases} \end{equation*}

Show that $$f \in \sR(R)$$ and compute $$\int_R f\text{.}$$

2. Suppose $$f \colon R \to \R$$ is defined by

\begin{equation*} f(x,y) := \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } x \in \Q \text{ or } y \in \Q, \\ 0 & \text{else.} \end{cases} \end{equation*}

Show that $$f \notin \sR(R)\text{.}$$

#### Exercise10.1.12.

Suppose $$R$$ is a closed rectangle, and suppose $$S_j$$ are closed rectangles such that $$S_j \subset R$$ and $$S_j \subset S_{j+1}$$ for all $$j\text{.}$$ Suppose $$f \colon R \to \R$$ is bounded and $$f \in \sR(S_j)$$ for all $$j\text{.}$$ Show that $$f \in \sR(R)$$ and

\begin{equation*} \lim_{j\to\infty} \int_{S_j} f = \int_R f . \end{equation*}

#### Exercise10.1.13.

Suppose $$f\colon [-1,1] \times [-1,1] \to \R$$ is a Riemann integrable function such $$f(x) = -f(-x)\text{.}$$ Using the definition prove

\begin{equation*} \int_{[-1,1] \times [-1,1]} f = 0 . \end{equation*}
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